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read (v.) O.E. rædan (W.Saxon), redan (Anglian) "to explain, read, rule, advise" (related to ræd, red "advice"), from P.Gmc. *raedanan (cf. O.N. raða, O.Fris. reda, Du. raden, O.H.G. ratan, Ger. raten "to advise, counsel, guess"), from PIE root *re(i)- "to reason, count" (cf. Skt. radh- "to succeed, accomplish," Gk. arithmos "number amount," O.C.S. raditi "to take thought, attend to," O.Ir. im-radim "to deliberate, consider"). Connected to riddle via notion of "interpret." Words from this root in most modern Germanic languages still mean "counsel, advise." Transference to "understand the meaning of written symbols" is unique to Old English and (perhaps under English influence) Old Norse raða. Most languages use a word rooted in the idea of "gather up" as their word for "read" (cf. Fr. lire, from L. legere). Sense of "make out the character of (a person)" is attested from 1610s. The noun meaning "an act of reading" is recorded from 1825. Read up "study" is from 1842; read-only in computer jargon is recorded from 1961. Reading county town of Berkshire, O.E. Readingum (c.900), "(Settlement of) the family or followers of a man called *Read." reader (n.) O.E. rædere, agent noun from rædan (see read). readable (adj.) 1560s, from read + -able. Related: Readably; readability. legible (adj.) late 14c., from L.L. legibilis "that can be read," from L. legere "to read" (see lecture (n.)). Related: Legibly. lecture (n.) late 14c., "action of reading, that which is read," from M.L. lectura "a reading, lecture," from L. lectus, pp. of legere "to read," originally "to gather, collect, pick out, choose" (cf. election), from PIE *leg- "to pick together, gather, collect" (cf. Gk. legein "to say, tell, speak, declare," originally, in Homer, "to pick out, select, collect, enumerate;" lexis "speech, diction;" logos "word, speech, thought, account;" L. lignum "wood, firewood," lit. “that which is gathered”). To read is to "pick out words." Meaning "action of reading (a lesson) aloud" is from 1520s. That of "a discourse on a given subject before an audience for purposes of instruction" is from 1530s. proofread (v.) also proof-read, 1933, from proof in the typesetting sense + read (v.). Related: Proofreading. legend (n.) early 14c., "narrative dealing with a happening or an event," from O.Fr. legende (12c., Mod.Fr. légende) and directly from M.L. legenda "legend, story," lit. "(things) to be read," on certain days in church, etc., from L. legendus, neuter plural gerundive of legere "to read, gather, select" (see lecture (n.)). Used originally of saints' lives; extended sense of "nonhistorical or mythical story" first recorded late 14c. Meaning "writing or inscription" (especially on a coin or medal) is from 1610s; on a map, illustration, etc., from 1903. hatred early 13c., from hate + rare suffix -red, from O.E. ræden "state, condition," related to verb rædan "to advise, discuss, rule, read, guess." See read and cf. second element of kindred and proper names Æþelræd and Alfred. well-read 1590s, from well (adv.) + pp. of read. riddle (n.) "A word game ot joke, comprising a question or statement couched in deliberately puzzling terms, propounded for solving by the hearer/reader using clues embedded within that wording" [Oxford Dictionary of English Folklore], O.E. rædels "opinion, riddle, counsel, conjecture," from P.Gmc. *rædislijan (cf. O.S. radisli, M.Du. raetsel, Du. raadsel, O.H.G. radisle, Ger. Rätsel "riddle"). Related to O.E. rædan "to advise, counsel, read, guess" (see read). spell (v.1) "name the letters of," O.E. spellian "to tell, speak," infl. by O.Fr. espeller "declare, spell," from Frank. *spellon "to tell;" both O.E. and Frank. from P.Gmc. *spellan (cf. O.H.G. spellon "to tell," O.N. spjalla, Goth. spillon "to talk, tell"), from PIE *spel- "to say aloud, recite." Meaning "write or say the letters of a word" is c.1400, from notion of "read letter by letter, read with difficulty" (c.1300). Spell out "explain step-by-step" is first recorded 1940, Amer.Eng. Spelling bee is from 1878 (earlier simply spelling, 1860). rede (n.) "counsel, advice," Old English, see read. byline 1926, "line giving the name of the writer of an article in a newspaper or magazine;" they typically read BY ________. learn (v.) O.E. leornian "to get knowledge, be cultivated, study, read, think about," from P.Gmc. *liznojan (cf. O.Fris. lernia, M.Du. leeren, Du. leren, O.H.G. lernen, Ger. lernen "to learn," Goth. lais "I know"), with a base sense of "to follow or find the track," from PIE *leis- "track." Related to Ger. Gleis "track," and to O.E. læst "sole of the foot" (see last (n.)). The transitive sense (He learned me how to read), now vulgar, was acceptable from c.1200 until early 19c., from O.E. læran "to teach" (cf. Du. leren, Ger. lehren "to teach," lit. "to make known;" see lore), and is preserved in pp. adjective learned "having knowledge gained by study." Related: Learning. must (n.4) "that which has to be done, seen, or experienced," 1892, from must (v.). As an adjective, "obligatory, indispensable," by 1912, from the noun; must-read is from 1959. bibliomaniac (n.) 1816; see bibliomania. A bibliomaniac must be carefully distinguished from a bibliophile. The latter has not yet freed himself from the idea that books are meant to be read. [Walsh] religion (n.) c.1200, "state of life bound by monastic vows," also "conduct indicating a belief in a divine power," from Anglo-Fr. religiun (11c.), from O.Fr. religion "religious community," from L. religionem (nom. religio) "respect for what is sacred, reverence for the gods," in L.L. "monastic life" (5c.); according to Cicero, derived from relegere "go through again, read again," from re- "again" + legere "read" (see lecture (n.)). However, popular etymology among the later ancients (and many modern writers) connects it with religare "to bind fast" (see rely), via notion of "place an obligation on," or "bond between humans and gods." Another possible origin is religiens "careful," opposite of negligens. To hold, therefore, that there is no difference in matters of religion between forms that are unlike each other, and even contrary to each other, most clearly leads in the end to the rejection of all religion in both theory and practice. And this is the same thing as atheism, however it may differ from it in name. [Pope Leo XIII, Immortale Dei, 1885] Meaning "particular system of faith" is recorded from c.1300. Modern sense of "recognition of, obedience to, and worship of a higher, unseen power" is from 1530s. peruse late 15c., "use up, wear out, go through," from M.E. per- "completely" + use (q.v.). Meaning "read carefully" is first recorded 1530s, but this may be a separate formation. picture (n.) early 15c., from L. pictura "painting," from pictus, pp. of pingere "to make pictures, to paint, to embroider," (see paint (v.)). Picture post-card first recorded 1899. Phrase every picture tells a story first attested 1900, in advertisements for an illustrated life of Christ. Expression a picture is worth a thousand words, attested from 1918, probably was from the publication trade (the notion that a picture was worth 1,000 words is in printers' publications by 1911). The quote also was around in the form worth a million words, the words of great American newspaper editor Arthur Brisbane (1864â��1936) in an editorial much-read c.1916 titled "What is a Good Newspaper" in the "New York Evening Journal." In part it read, "After news and humor come good pictures. In this day of hurry we learn through the eye, and one picture may be worth a million words." It seems to have emerged into general use via the medium of advertising (which scaled down the number and also gave the expression its suprious origin story as "a Japanese proverb" or some such thing, by 1919). Earlier various acts or deeds (and in one case "the arrow") were said to be worth a thousand words. CD-ROM 1983, in computer jargon; also cd-rom; from compact disc read-only memory. Quran 1876, variant spelling (preferred by scholars) of Koran (q.v.), from Arabic qur'an, lit. "book, reading, recitation," from qara'a "to read." reread (v.) 1782, from re- + read. As a noun, from 1973. tonite colloquial shortening of tonight, attested by 1918. Present-day student notices on bulletin boards, etc., read oftener than not, "Party Friday Nite," "Meeting Tonite," "Kum Tonite," etc. [Louise Pound, Spelling-Manipulation and Present-Day Advertising, "Dialect Notes," 1923] Koran 1610s, from Arabic qur'an "a reading, recitation, book," from root of quara-a "he read, recited." Related: Koranic. lip-read (v.) 1880, back formation from lip-reading, which is attested from 1852 in writings on educating deaf-mutes; from lip (n.) + reading. bowdlerize (v.) 1836, from Thomas Bowdler (1754-1825), English editor who in 1818 published a notorious expurgated Shakespeare, in which, according to his frontispiece, "nothing is added to the original text; but those words and expressions omitted which cannot with propriety be read aloud in a family." Related: Bowdlerized; bowdlerizing. outspoken (adj.) "given to speaking freely," 1808, originally Scottish, from out + pp. of speak (q.v.). "The pa. pple. has here a resultant force, as in 'well spoken', 'well read'." [OED]. Related: Outspokenly; outspokenness. misread (v.) 1809, from mis- (1) + read. Related: Misreading. megillah "long, tedious, complicated story," 1957, from Yiddish (e.g. a gantse Megillah "a whole megillah"), lit. "roll, scroll," collective name of the five Old Testament books appointed to be read on certain feast days, from Hebrew meghillah, from galal "he rolled, unfolded." The slang use is in reference to the length of the text. deja vu 1903, from French déjà vu, lit. "already seen." The phenomenon also is known as promnesia. Similar phenomena are déjà entendu "already heard" (of music, etc.), 1965; and déjà lu "already read." ruddy (adj.) O.E. rudig, probably from rudu "redness," related to read "red" (see red). As a British slang euphemism for bloody (q.v.), first recorded 1914. madrasah (n.) Islamic college, 1620s, from Arabic madrasah, lit. "a place of study," from locative prefix ma- + stem of darasa "he read repeatedly, he studied," which is related to Hebrew darash (cf. midrash). lector late 14c., "reader, a cleric in one of the minor orders," from L.L. lector "reader," agent noun from L. legere "to read" (see lecture). Related: Lectorship. lesson (n.) early 13c., "a reading aloud from the Bible," also "something to be learned by a student," from O.Fr. leçon, from L. lectionem (nom. lectio) "a reading," noun of action from pp. stem of legere "to read" (see lecture (n.)). Transferred sense of "an occurrence from which something can be learned" is from 1580s. periodic (adj.) 1640s, from Fr. périodique (14c.), from L. periodicus, from periodus (see period). Periodic table in chemistry is from notion of the arrangement, in which similar properties recur at intervals in elements in the same area as you read down the rows of the table. This sense of the word is attested from 1872. red (1) O.E. read, from P.Gmc. *rauthaz (cf. O.N. rauðr, Dan. rød, O.Fris. rad, M.Du. root, Ger. rot, Goth. rauþs), from PIE root *reudh- (cf. L. ruber, also dialectal rufus "light red," mostly of hair; Gk. erythros; Skt. rudhira-; Avestan raoidita-; O.C.S. rudru, Pol. rumiany, Rus. rumjanyj "flushed, red," of complexions, etc.; Lith. raudas; O.Ir. ruad, Welsh rhudd, Bret. ruz "red"). The only color for which a definite common PIE root word has been found. The surname Read/Reid retains the original Old English long vowel pronunciation. The initial -e- in the Greek word is because Greek tends to avoid beginning words with -r-. The color as characteristic of "British possessions" on a map is attested from 1885. The red flag was used as a symbol of defiance in battle on land or sea from c.1600. To see red "get angry" is an American English expression first recorded 1898. Red light as a sign to stop is from 1849, long before traffic signals. As the sign of a brothel, it is attested from 1899. As a children's game (in ref. to the traffic light meaning) it is recorded from 1953. Red-letter day (late 14c.) was originally a saint's day, marked on church calendars in red letters. Red ball signifying "express" in railroad jargon is 1904, originally (1899) a system of moving and tracking freight cars. Red-blooded "vigorous, spirited" is recorded from 1877. Red dog, type of U.S. football pass rush, is recorded from 1959. Red shift in spectography is first recorded 1923. Red carpet "sumptuous welcome" is from 1934, but the custom for dignitaries is described as far back as Aeschylus (e.g. "Agamemnon"). lection 1530s, from O.Fr. lection, from L. lectionem (nom. lectio), noun of action from pp. stem of legere "to read" (see lecture (n.)). illiterate (adj.) early 15c., "uneducated, unable to read (originally of Latin)," from L. illiteratus "unlearned, unlettered, ignorant; without culture, inelegant," from assimilated form of in- "not, opposite of" (see in- (1)) + literatus, lit. "furnished with letters" (see literate). As a noun meaning "illiterate person" from 1620s. Hence, illiterati (1788). rathskeller 1900, from Ger. ratskeller, earlier rathskeller, "a cellar in a German town hall in which beer is sold," from rat "council" (see read) + keller "cellar." recite (v.) early 15c., from L. recitare "read aloud, repeat from memory," from re- "back, again" (see re-) + citare "to summon" (see cite). Related: Recited; reciting. photograph (n.) 1839, "picture obtained by photography," coined by Sir John Herschel from photo- + -graph "instrument for recording." It won out over other suggestions, such as photogene and heliograph. Neo-Anglo-Saxonists prefer sunprint. The verb and photography are all first found in a paper read before the Royal Society on March 14, 1839. lectern (n.) early 14c., lettorne, lettron, from O.Fr. letron, from M.L. lectrinum, from L.L. lectrum "lectern," from root of L. legere "to read" (see lecture (n.)). Half-re-Latinized in 15c. Conrad masc. proper name, from O.H.G. Kuonrat, lit. "bold in counsel," from kuon "bold" + rat "counsel" (see read). critic (n.) 1580s, "one who passes judgment," from M.Fr. critique (14c.), from L. criticus "a judge, literary critic," from Gk. kritikos "able to make judgments," from krinein "to separate, decide" (see crisis). Meaning "one who judges merits of books, plays, etc." is from c.1600. The English word always had overtones of "censurer, faultfinder." A perfect judge will read each work of wit With the same spirit that its author writ; [Pope, "An Essay on Criticism," 1709] dukes (n.) "hands," 1874, now mainly in put up your dukes (phrase from 1859), probably not connected to duke (n.). Chapman ["Dictionary of American Slang"] suggests Romany dook "the hand as read in palmistry, one's fate;" but Partridge ["Slang To-day and Yesterday"] gives it a plausible, if elaborate, etymology as a contraction of Duke of Yorks, rhyming slang for forks, a Cockney term for "fingers," thus "hands." Eldred masc. proper name, from O.E. Ealdred, lit. "great in counsel," from eald "old, great" (see old) + ræd "advice, counsel" (see read). golf (n.) mid-15c., Scottish gouf, usually taken as an alteration of M.Du. colf, colve "stick, club, bat," from P.Gmc. *kulth- (cf. O.N. kolfr "clapper of a bell," Ger. Kolben "mace, club"). The game is from 14c., the word is first mentioned (along with fut-bol) in a 1457 Scottish statute on forbidden games. Golf ball attested from 1540s. Despite what you read in an e-mail, "golf" is not an acronym. rite (n.) early 14c., from L. ritus "religious observance or ceremony, custom, usage," perhaps from PIE root *re(i)- "to count, number" (cf. Gk. arithmos "number," O.E. rim "number;" see read). Rite of passage (1909) is translated from Fr. rite de passage, coined by French anthropologist Arnold van Gennep (1873-1957). kindred (n.) c.1200, kinraden, compound of kin (q.v.) + -rede, from O.E. ræden "condition, rule," related to rædan "to advise, rule" (see read). With intrusive -d- (17c.) probably for phonetic reasons (cf. thunder) but perhaps encouraged by kind (n.). As an adjective, 1520s, from the noun.


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